Robert Sapolsky’s book “Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will” makes one big claim, explained from many angles: what you do is fully shaped by biology and environment, not by some separate “free-will self.”
In simple, short sentences:
- Your actions have causes.
- Those causes go back in time.
- They include your genes.
- They include your fetal environment.
- They include your childhood and trauma.
- They include your culture and class.
- They include your hormones and brain chemistry today.
- They include what just happened a second ago.
All of these are things you did not choose.
They interact in your brain.
They make you who you are at each moment.
When you “decide,” that decision comes from this whole history.
There is no extra, separate “free will” floating above your brain.
There is just cause and effect, all the way down.
Sapolsky says this means we should rethink blame and praise. People still do harmful things. We still need to protect others and prevent harm. But pure moral condemnation—“you freely chose evil”—doesn’t fit the science he presents.
Instead, he argues we should see behavior as good or bad luck plus biology and environment, and design justice and social policy more around prevention, treatment, and protection than
